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| Squamous Carcinoma |
| Etiology • Most strongly associated with cigarette smoking • Human papillomavirus genome has been detected in some neoplasms • Nickle ore exposure |
| Pathogenesis • ? whether same mechanism of BPDE (catabolite of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke) binds p53 mutational hot spots as in lung carcinoma • p53 mutation affects cell replication and centromere replication, |
| Epidemiology • Usually men with long cigarette smoking history • Age generally >50 years |
| General Gross Description • Granular, gray white, exophytic or ulcerated neoplasm • May erode bone or occasionally infiltrate it to result in pathologic fracture |
| General Microscopic Description • Hyperchromatic nuclei with irregular outlines • Prominent nucleoli • Can range from well to poorly differentiated • May be keratinizing with pearl formation |
| Clinical Correlation • Present with pain in sinus • All neoplasms spread to the regional lymph nodes • Eventually spread to lungs and other distant sites • Extensive morbidity and mortality due to local disease with airway obstruction, hemorrhage, infection • Treatment modalities include surgery and radiation • Death usually due to local spread |
| References • Sternberg SS ed. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 2d edition, Lippincott-Raven; Philadelphia. 1996, pp. 861-2. |
| Squamous Carcinoma |
| Synopsis by: Melinda Sanders M.D. (T22000M80703)[135] |
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